16th Century (1500-1599) C.E.

1500:

In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.

1501:

Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.

1507:

The Portuguese under d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.

1508:

Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safawids.

1511:

D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.

1517:

The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers Egypt.

1520:

The reign of Sulayman the Magnificent begins.

1526:

Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohacs.

1526:

The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.

1528:

The Ottomans take Buda in Hungary.

1529:

Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.

1550:

The architect Sinan builds the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul.

1550:

The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra.

1550:

Islam spreads to Java, the Moluccas, and Borneo.

1556:

The death of Sulayman the Magnificent.

1568:

Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.

1571:

The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.

1578:

The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.

1588:

Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.

1591:

Mustaili Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.